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New York City’s Swimming Pool: The History and Photos of the Pool Culture of NYC from the 20th Century

In the late 1800s, the New York state legislature mandated accessible bathhouses for cities with over 50,000, and people have been taking the plunge ever since. Families living in overcrowded tenements, where sanitary conditions were a significant concern, needed access to bathing facilities. As swimming pools developed, bathhouses, the predecessors of swimming pools, were used more for recreation and cleansing than for therapeutic reasons.

In addition to bathhouses, New York City had floating baths along both the East and Hudson rivers. Baths made of wood and secured by pontoons were filled with river water and included dressing rooms for both men and women. Although scenic, these watering holes were short-lived because of river pollution concerns and restricted seasons.

The grand construction swimming pools across the city

Bathhouses were under the authority of the Parks Department from the 1930s to-1940s, as part of a large-scale Works Progress Administration (WPA) project to construct several grand bathhouses and outdoor pool complexes. The New York City swimming pools were among the most advanced facilities, featuring cutting-edge filtration and chlorination systems. Millions of New Yorkers changed the way they spent their leisure time thanks to these pools, which attracted athletes and neighborhood children.

During the hot summer of 1936, eleven pools opened within weeks of each other, providing relief to thousands upon thousands of New Yorkers. Robert Moses, Parks Commissioner, and Mayor Fiorello La Guardia attended packed dedication ceremonies. There were more than 10,000 people at the opening of Thomas Jefferson Pool.

The Mayor said:

Here is something you can be proud of. It is the last word in engineering, hygiene, and construction that could be put into a pool.

In addition to their size, the pools featured sophisticated engineering and beautiful designs. A team of architects and landscape architects led by architect Aymar Embury placed a series of distinct complexes, each in tune with the site’s topography. There were substantial filtration systems, heating units, and even underwater lighting that made bathing a much safer, healthier experience than swimming in the often treacherous and polluted waters on the city’s waterfronts in the past. There were various styles, ranging from Romanesque Revival to Art Deco, but mostly brick, concrete, and cast stone.

The WPA pools were built to accommodate off-season activities like paddle tennis, shuffleboard, volleyball, basketball, and handball. These pools were also used for roller skating rinks, and locker rooms were converted into boxing gyms. Teens attended dances in the evenings in the locker rooms and changing rooms.

The Portable Pools

The portable pool program was developed in 1966 with pre-engineered, prefabricated 20′ x 40′ above-ground pools with 6′ wide attached wooden decks. These pools averaged between 3 and 3.5 feet in depth and cost about $25,000 each. Youths 14 and younger and taller than 4 feet were welcome to use the portable pools from early July to mid-August. While there were showers and comfort stations near each mini-pool, there was no changing area, and children were expected to bring their swimming suits to the site.

In much the same way a portable classroom provides temporary classroom space, the portable pool program provided pool facilities to underserved communities. The pools were designed to be moved easily as neighborhood needs changed.

Many of New York City’s original pools still operate today, and many have received extensive renovations to meet the summer activities needs of city residents.

Below are some fascinating historical photos that show the famous swimming pools of New York City from the 20th Century.

#1 Red Hook Pool, 1940.

Red Hook Pool, 1940.

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New York City's Swimming Pool: The History and Photos of the Pool Culture of NYC from the 20th Century

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#2 Betsy Head Pool, 1940.

Betsy Head Pool, 1940.

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New York City's Swimming Pool: The History and Photos of the Pool Culture of NYC from the 20th Century

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#3 Red Hook Pool. 1938.

Red Hook Pool. 1938.

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New York City's Swimming Pool: The History and Photos of the Pool Culture of NYC from the 20th Century

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#4 Faber Park Pool, 1938.

Faber Park Pool, 1938.

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New York City's Swimming Pool: The History and Photos of the Pool Culture of NYC from the 20th Century

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#5 McCarren Park, 1937.

McCarren Park, 1937.

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New York City's Swimming Pool: The History and Photos of the Pool Culture of NYC from the 20th Century

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#6 Dozens of children and adults crowded in and around what was called a ‘swimmobile’ in the late 1960s.

Dozens of children and adults crowded in and around what was called a ‘swimmobile’ in the late 1960s.

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New York City's Swimming Pool: The History and Photos of the Pool Culture of NYC from the 20th Century

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#7 Flushing Meadows-Corona Park Pool, 1946.

Flushing Meadows-Corona Park Pool, 1946.

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New York City's Swimming Pool: The History and Photos of the Pool Culture of NYC from the 20th Century

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#8 Betsy Head Pool, 1946.

Betsy Head Pool, 1946.

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New York City's Swimming Pool: The History and Photos of the Pool Culture of NYC from the 20th Century

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#9 McCarren Park Pool, 1937.

McCarren Park Pool, 1937.

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New York City's Swimming Pool: The History and Photos of the Pool Culture of NYC from the 20th Century

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#10 McCarren Park Pool, 1937.

McCarren Park Pool, 1937.

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New York City's Swimming Pool: The History and Photos of the Pool Culture of NYC from the 20th Century

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#11 Colonial Park Pool (now Jackie Robinson Park), 1936.

Colonial Park Pool (now Jackie Robinson Park), 1936.

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New York City's Swimming Pool: The History and Photos of the Pool Culture of NYC from the 20th Century

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#12 Colonial Park Pool (now Jackie Robinson Park), 1936.

Colonial Park Pool (now Jackie Robinson Park), 1936.

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New York City's Swimming Pool: The History and Photos of the Pool Culture of NYC from the 20th Century

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#13 Astoria Park Pool, 1936.

Astoria Park Pool, 1936.

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New York City's Swimming Pool: The History and Photos of the Pool Culture of NYC from the 20th Century

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#14 Thomas Jefferson Park Pool, 1936.

Thomas Jefferson Park Pool, 1936.

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New York City's Swimming Pool: The History and Photos of the Pool Culture of NYC from the 20th Century

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#15 Wading pool, Carmansville Playground, 1935.

Wading pool, Carmansville Playground, 1935.

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New York City's Swimming Pool: The History and Photos of the Pool Culture of NYC from the 20th Century

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#16 Swimming contest, Astoria Park Pool, 1936.

Swimming contest, Astoria Park Pool, 1936.

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New York City's Swimming Pool: The History and Photos of the Pool Culture of NYC from the 20th Century

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#17 A group of young children are pictured above while waiting for the new pool at Thomas Jefferson Park to open on June 27, 1936 in East Harlem, New York.

A group of young children are pictured above while waiting for the new pool at Thomas Jefferson Park to open on June 27, 1936 in East Harlem, New York.

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New York City's Swimming Pool: The History and Photos of the Pool Culture of NYC from the 20th Century

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#18 A young man is pictured above on August 17, 1943, completing an incredible dive during a competition at Astoria pool, which still exists today.

A young man is pictured above on August 17, 1943, completing an incredible dive during a competition at Astoria pool, which still exists today.

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New York City's Swimming Pool: The History and Photos of the Pool Culture of NYC from the 20th Century

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#19 A temporary pool inside the formerly named Tompkins Park in Brooklyn on August 10, 1966.

A temporary pool inside the formerly named Tompkins Park in Brooklyn on August 10, 1966.

The park is now called Herbert Von King Park.

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New York City's Swimming Pool: The History and Photos of the Pool Culture of NYC from the 20th Century

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#20 Besides traditional pools in the city, there were also what were then called floating baths, like the one pictured above at 96th Street on the Upper West Side on August 19th, 1938.

Besides traditional pools in the city, there were also what were then called floating baths, like the one pictured above at 96th Street on the Upper West Side on August 19th, 1938.

The water inside this pool was actually water from the Hudson River.

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New York City's Swimming Pool: The History and Photos of the Pool Culture of NYC from the 20th Century

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#21 Children are pictured above learning to swim during a class session at the Astoria Pool in 1940. The city offered free swimming lessons to those who swam at the public pools.

Children are pictured above learning to swim during a class session at the Astoria Pool in 1940. The city offered free swimming lessons to those who swam at the public pools.

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New York City's Swimming Pool: The History and Photos of the Pool Culture of NYC from the 20th Century

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#22 A super-crowded McCarren Park pool in Brooklyn during the summer of 1937; the park and pool still exist today.

A super-crowded McCarren Park pool in Brooklyn during the summer of 1937; the park and pool still exist today.

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New York City's Swimming Pool: The History and Photos of the Pool Culture of NYC from the 20th Century

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#23 Dozens of New Yorkers gather around the Astoria pool on August 20, 1936, during a swim competition.

Dozens of New Yorkers gather around the Astoria pool on August 20, 1936, during a swim competition.

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New York City's Swimming Pool: The History and Photos of the Pool Culture of NYC from the 20th Century

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#24 Swimmers taking a dip into a temporary pool at the Stroud Playground in Brooklyn on July 29, 1967.

Swimmers taking a dip into a temporary pool at the Stroud Playground in Brooklyn on July 29, 1967.

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New York City's Swimming Pool: The History and Photos of the Pool Culture of NYC from the 20th Century

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Written by Aung Budhh

Husband + Father + librarian + Poet + Traveler + Proud Buddhist. I love you with the breath, the smiles and the tears of all my life.

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