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What Cuba looked like in the 1970s – A Visual Journey Through a Vibrant Decade

The 1970s was a time of significant change for Cuba, as the country continued to navigate the complexities of life under Fidel Castro’s revolutionary government. As a socialist state and ally of the Soviet Union, Cuba received significant economic support from the USSR during this decade. This assistance helped fund a range of social programs, including education, healthcare, and housing, which contributed to improved living conditions for many Cubans.

Despite the political and economic challenges, Cuban culture flourished in the 1970s. The decade saw a surge in artistic expression, with Cuban music, dance, and visual arts gaining international recognition. The Afro-Cuban sound, blending traditional African rhythms with Cuban flair, took center stage, with musicians like Irakere and Los Van Van creating a new and irresistible sound that captivated audiences both at home and abroad.

In the world of dance, Cuban ballet gained worldwide acclaim under the leadership of Alicia Alonso and the Ballet Nacional de Cuba. The company’s unique blend of classical ballet and Cuban cultural elements garnered praise and admiration from critics and audiences alike, putting Cuba firmly on the global dance map.

The 1970s also saw a rise in Cuban cinema, with filmmakers like Tomás Gutiérrez Alea and Humberto Solás pushing the boundaries of storytelling and exploring the complexities of Cuban society. Films such as “Memories of Underdevelopment” (1968) and “Lucía” (1968) offered powerful and thought-provoking insights into the Cuban experience, showcasing the island’s vibrant culture and resilient spirit.

During this decade, Cubans also embraced sports as a symbol of national pride. Athletes like Alberto Juantorena and Teófilo Stevenson emerged as international stars, winning Olympic gold medals and putting Cuba on the world stage in athletics and boxing, respectively.

Of course, life in Cuba during the 1970s was not without its challenges. Food shortages, economic difficulties, and political tensions with the United States were ever-present concerns for the Cuban people. Nevertheless, the resilience and resourcefulness of the Cuban people shone through, as they continued to adapt and find ways to thrive despite these hardships.

In many ways, the 1970s was a defining decade for Cuba. The country’s rich culture, artistic achievements, and indomitable spirit demonstrated to the world that, despite political and economic obstacles, the Cuban people remained strong and vibrant. So, as we look back on this fascinating period in Cuban history, let’s raise a glass to the enduring spirit of Cuba and its people – a spirit that continues to inspire and captivate the world today. Hasta la próxima, amigos!

#1 Farmer plowing with oxen in the Vinales Valley, featured in ‘Closeup: Cuba – The Castro Generation’, Cuba, 1977.

#2 Galiano department store, featured in ‘Closeup: Cuba – The Castro Generation’, Havana, Cuba, 1977.

#3 Foggy dawn in the Vinales Valley, featured in ‘Closeup: Cuba – The Castro Generation’, Cuba, 1977.

#4 An old colonial street of Santa Clara. A sign marks the headquarters of the Workers’ Social Circle, Matanzas, Cuba, 1976

#5 Colorful masks announcing the Carnival in a square, Matanzas, Cuba, 1976

#6 Political slogan ‘To decide and govern with the people’s power’ on top of a colonial building, Matanzas, Cuba, 1976

#8 Colonial building at Parque Vidal, esquina del Museo de Artes Decorativas, Santa Clara, 1970s

#9 Lattice of a house and boys talking in the neighborhood of the ancient Havana, Santa Clara, 1970s

#10 Maceo street, Santa Clara, 1970s

#13 Havana’s Coppelia building (left) is one of the largest ice cream parlors in the world. Holding 1000 guests, it is located on the part of Calle 23 known as La Rampa in the Vedado district, 1970s

#15 Three men on the street, Trinidad, 1976

#19 Area with a processing agricultural products plant and workers’ housing, Cuba, 1976

#20 Boys playing in the waves on a beach, Cuba, 1976

#21 Boys playing with a kite in an agricultural region with farmers’ houses and palm trees along the lake, Cuba, 1976

#25 Country road in the interior of the island. Warning over rail crossing, truck and people passing. A billboard recommends “More productivity and More development”, Cuba, 1976

#30 Cubans on holiday at the beach. Santa María del Mar beach, near Guanabo and Havana, Cuba, 1976

#35 Man sitting in his green wagon pulled by a horse, laughing and pointing a direction with his arm, Cuba, 1976

#37 Members of ANAP (Asociación Nacional de Agricultores Pequeños) in a informative session with professors and journalists from Barcelona, Spain, Cuba, 1976

#39 Old American cars parked on a street with old houses. In a sign at the street: “Emulation Meetings between CDR and Zoning Committee announced”, Cuba, 1976

#40 On the road, an old American car, a horse and cart and a tractor. Sign near the road of socialist government message: “To decide and govern with the people’s power”, Cuba, 1976

#41 People bathing in the sea and children running while the wind announces the arrival of a storm, Cuba, 1976

#45 Two men unload a truck in the traditional way, Cuba, 1976

#49 Cuba, Habana Vieja, 1976. Headquarters building of Regional Committee Centro-Habana del C.D.R

#50 Cuba, Havana, 1976. In a bar, a customer pays their consumption to the cashier who works with an old cash machine

#54 Large mural with the image of revolutionary Che Guevara on the facade of a building in the Plaza de la Revolución, Havana, 1976

#55 National Library José Martí, Havana, 1976

#57 Popular votations to elect a representative of the District, Havana, 1976

#58 Poster announcing the return to school and to countryside in September, Havana, 1976

#60 US tank and American truck confiscated during the Cuban Revolution, displayed in a square in Havana, Havana, 1976

#61 Castillo del Morro, once a prison for English pirates, Havana waterfront, Cuba, 1978.

#62 The Old Cuba: Huge prison on Isle of Pines, used by Cuban dictator Fulgencia Batista for political prisoners and criminals, Cuba, 1978.

#63 Cathedral Square in Old Havana, featured in ‘Closeup: Cuba – The Castro Generation’, Havana, Cuba, 1977.

#64 Japanese Amusement park in Lenin Park, featured in ‘Closeup: Cuba – The Castro Generation’, Havana, Cuba, 1977.

#65 José Martí housing project, featured in ‘Closeup: Cuba – The Castro Generation’, Havana, Cuba, 1977.

#70 Military parade at Plaza De La Revolucion, featured in ‘Closeup: Cuba – The Castro Generation’, Havana, Cuba, 1977.

#71 Kids with paddle boat on Varadero Beach, featured in ‘Closeup: Cuba – The Castro Generation’, Havana, Cuba, 1977.

#72 Montbelio’s Growth Necessitatis Construction at 45th and Havana, October-November 1972.

#73 Camera crew at José Martí housing project, slums in the foreground, featured in ‘Closeup: Cuba – The Castro Generation’, Havana, Cuba, 1977.

#74 Women on Varadero Beach, featured in ‘Closeup: Cuba – The Castro Generation’, Havana, Cuba, 1977.

#75 Hotel Nacional de Cuba, popular with American tourists, headquarters during Cuban missile crisis, Havana, Cuba, May 1978.

#77 Cuba,Havana, suburb Alamar was newly built in the 1970’s.The land was owned by maybe 20 rich families that left the country in 1958 after the revolutin

#79 Eine Reise nach Havanna, Kuba, Karibik 1970er Jahre. A trip to Havanna, Cuba, Caribean 1970s.

#80 A classic American De Soto car seen here in the back streets of Havana, Cuba 21st May 1978

#81 Street scene with playing children in the Old Town of Havana, August 1971,

#82 View of the district Vedado with the ice cream palace in the foreground, August 1971,

#83 Cuba, Havana, buildings, modern residential houses, Malecon, August 1971,

#85 Two buses at avenue with colonial buildings, Matanzas, Cuba, 1976

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#86 Havana Waterfront scenery, popular among Canadian tourists, Havana, Cuba, 1978.

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Written by Kevin Clark

Kevin Clark is a historian and writer who is passionate about sharing the stories and significance behind historical photos. He loves to explore hidden histories and cultural contexts behind the images, providing a unique insight into the past.

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24 Comments

    • Cuba was working in that moment bc the properties they stole from the previous owners were still functioning and in relatively good conditions, but, since the communist model is not sustainable in the long term, everything starts to rot, and given a couple of decades nothing works. That’s like saying you can live without working just bc you’ve been two days without a job. Two days after losing your job you could still have some savings, but eventually you’re gonna run out of money if you don’t make some more, the same happened in Cuba

      • So according to you after the revolution won and nationalized farms in 1959…,20 yrs later those same farms were giving the same results as before?? How? Who managed that? How in the world after 20 YEARS you think a farm will produce anything without proper management?

        If you are in the US, you must think we are now in the Biden’s economy and not in the circus caused by 5 months of terrible leadership at the white house. Good lord!

        • First of all, I’m gonna need numbers backing up those claims. Second, if, as you say, they were giving the same results that means a regression, since the population increased in number and the technology advanced. Other thing, you’re kinda forgetting the Soviet Union were buying our sugar at a even higher price compared to international markets and we were basically existing bc we were “chupando de la teta de los rusos”, we incurred in a lot of debt with them that we never really paid, and not gonna do it since we don’t have anything to pay with. You have to take into account also that people were basically forced to go to the countryside and work in farms and stuff so the goverment could achieve those numbers, but analyzing only that metric you won’t get the full picture, it’s like only checking my kids teeth to know if I as a father I’m good a parenting, I could easily just funnel all my money to their dental health and not take care of their education, clothes, abusing them and stuff, and still be considered a good parent since my kid’s teeth are fine. When the goverment did that it had to hoard the resources from other parts of the economy and concentrate them in that specific one, that’s why “La zafra de los 10 millones” was considered a failure, bc even if they achieved a 8.5 million, they couldn’t get the expected result and numerous disasters on other parts of the economy emerged since people that didn’ have to be on farms were there neglecting other services they were best at taking care of. About the Biden and whatnot, I’m living in Cuba, and I’m against Trump, I dunno what the hell a thing as to do with the other, I try to be very consistent, and that includes any wannabe dictator, unlike you

          • La Zafra de los 10 millones fell short and it affected other areas and needed people from other jobs to support that goal. That is all true.

            But as you said, is not just about one thing.It’s also true that during the ’70s, Cuba made real progress in areas like healthcare and education. Infant mortality dropped, life expectancy went up, and almost everyone had access to free schooling. Those things made a difference in people’s lives, even if the economy overall was struggling.

            So yeah, the government did move resources into those areas, sometimes at the expense of others but still people in Cuba were not as bad as today. So yes, the blockade had even more impact causing economic damage than just the fall of the URRS, having access to other economies could have helped keeping agriculture and other activities afloat specially tourism producing more income and jobs for a lot of cubans.

            • We have access to other economies, especially to the Chinese, tourism was indeed affected by the embargo, since US citizens are the most generous tourists you could think of, in that regard, yes, the embargo affected us. But now, Fidel dismantled a lot of sugar mills just because, he thought we could forever live from the free stuff the Soviet Union was providing us and he started to neglect basically everything in our economy, including sugar cane production, once the basically one country that was keeping us alive fell, we fell with it, we never really diversified our industry, we rely solely on the Soviet Union to give us everything, the waste of money was so uncontrolled that we even bought snowplows from them, SNOWPLOWS, in a tropical country where the most the temperature can drop is like 5 Celsius degree in a specific zone in Matanzas. And yes, it’s easy to give everything free when a huge country the size of Australia give you resources “a precio de cochino enfermo”, lends you money, that you don’t plan to return and so on. But we could focus on current policies to “incentivize production on the countryside”:

              1- You can only sell a minimum part of your production to private companies (very small ones, btw), the rest you have to sell it to the goverment at less than 1/5 of its actual price

              2- The government doesn’t pay you or pay you whenever they want to, with months, even years of delay

              3- You can’t sue them, cuz this is a dictatorship so they can basically rob you all they want and if you try to sell whatever you make to private companies, you can go to jail

              4- You can’t defend your crops or animals from intruders and thieves since you can’t possess firearms, you can’t even use a knife bc then the one who is gonna go to jail is you, not the thief

              5- You can’t eat your own animals, for example, if you have a cow, you can’t kill it to eat it or to sell it, since all cows belong to the goverment

              6- If a thief steals your cow, you’re the one paying for it to the goverment, even if the cow was yours to begin with

              7- If you try to rent a piece of land to farm you’re gonna face a Dark Souls III level monster of bureaucracy and obstacles to do it

              8- Police won’t do sh*t if you are victim of a robbery

              9- You have to buy everything you need from abroad through state owned importing companies, which have very abusive fees: you could easily avoid this allowing privates to import directly, but then Raúl Castro’s grandchildren would lose their monopolistic businesses

              10- They force the whole country to go through a banking system that completely relies on telecommunications to work, things that usually don’t even work in cities, let alone in the countryside where they don’t tend to have strong signal and along with the continuous outages makes impossible for farmes to pay to their workers

              None of those stuff are related to the embargo at all, you can easily fix them if you wanted to. Maybe I couldn’t say the same about tourism since US citizens can’t come so easily to Cuba as they do to other countries (they still do since I have friends that are tour guides and they have a ton of US citizens as clients here), but they don’t do sh*t, since allowing people to thrive is a threat to them, they need to control everything, they prefer people dying than to lose control. Can you enlight me as why these things can’t be solved due to the infamous “blockade”?

    • Blockade doesn’t exist. Cuba has nothing to sell and make money as a country. They relied on the USSR and once it failed. Cuba was done. They can trade with Mexico and Europe, china and Russia.

      You saying the only reason why they are a failed country is bc of the USA. Don’t give us all the credit.

      It’s the stupid government not willing to change.

      • Not true. The pictures show a different reality, back in 1970 Cuba had a fairly good economy based of their agriculture. The only thing you said correctly is: once the URRS was gone, their whole commerce base was lost and then the blockade caused huge damage but before that it was perfect fine.

        Fine enough to keep the US sending airplanes with viruses to kill all livestock and crops during the years after 1959 and even in the 1980’s.

        You can claim that the government is useless and that is fine but do you realize that the US is doing worst than we were in 1970? Why is that? Why is that under the most capitalist (and arguably richest) country in the world, the vast majority of the population is doing worst than in 1970? No house ownership, everyone is in debt, HC and collage are impossible to access for a lot of people unless they die paying loans? Why is this system crumbling and how are you here claiming of a failed cuban system that has been for years blocked from the world’s economy as if capitalism wasn’t failing on its own without any help?

      • So why wasn’t the government fucking them back in the 70’s (as per these pictures)? What could have possibly changed? Maybe access to other markets globally, regular international trading and banking options. So is the government or the limitations, you have to pick a lane.

          • If it’s meant to fail why does the Us invests so much time, money and energy in making it fall? Coups, blockades, etc.

            Let me ask you, isn’t capitalism failing right now? 1% of the population holding 99% of the wealth? Can we compare the US at the same time in the 70’s Vs now? How is it better? How is not rotten to the core with corporations writing policy while 80% of Americans cannot save enough money to face and extra expense of 700$ . Education? Down the drain, life expectancy? Higher o closer to Cuba. Please explain that

            • The Cuban diaspora is causing the harm to the regime beyond the blockade. Non Cubans never think of Cuba nor care. The blockade exists because Cuba refuses to drop communism. Same agreement since it was put in place.

              America’s problems have nothing to do with capitalism. It’s caused by an extremely corrupt federal government that is quite literally occupied by Israel and global corporations.

              If the government does its job correctly, capitalism and socialism work just fine. History has shown us that capitalistic markets work better on average.

  1. Soviet investment in Cuba was about 11 million dollars a day. 25 percent of domestic income at the time. And what does Cuba have to show? A bunch of rotting fields and factories? A bunch of amputees, veterans of wars in Africa? They would have squandered and stolen any economic gains made by dropping the embargo. Que se jodan!

  2. 1970 was the year when every kid had to march before entering their classroom saying:

    “Pin-Pon-Pan Los 10 millones van”

    1970 was also the year when small businesses owners after being expropriated, were sent as slaves (literally) to work cortando caña, away from their families.

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